Paid in Full - A Novel of Revenge
The Shooter's Guide to the 1911 Pattern Pistol
9mm Ammunition Tests: The Shooter's Guide to Ammunition for the Browning Hi Power
The Shooter's Guide to the Browning Hi Power
We are happy to announce that The Shooter's Guide to the Browning Hi Power, Defensive Handguns, and 9mm Ammunition Tests: The Shooter's Guide to Ammunition for the Hi Power are all available in not only the original 8 1/2" x 11" size, but in paperback form as well. The paperback versions are trade manual size, approximately 5 1/2" x 8 1/2" and are "perfect bound", i.e., like paperback books. They cost less than the full-size versions. Due to many requests, I'm going to try to keep both versions in print and available.
So which do you want? If you wish to get the same information, text and pictures (smaller, no color) as the bigger book at a lower price, the paperback is for you. If you want the two color pages in addition to larger pictures and a book that will lay flat, the larger version is probably the way to go.
All of the books, large and small, have been reformatted. The same material is there, but in an easier to read, more attractive layout. Both versions of the books come with heat-laminated full color covers. They have been completely revamped, and in my opinion, look much better. Quality has not been sacrificed.
How to Order
If you have a PayPal account, just click on one of their links on this page to make payment. Use my email address as "recipient." Be sure to include the address where you want your order sent (in the "notes" section). For those who don't want to use PayPal, email me at s.camp9@charter.net to place orders. I will give you the mailing address for payment. Cash, check, money order, or cashier's checks are fine, but personal checks may be held a few days. On the order, please print or write legibly and be sure to include the address where you want your order mailed. If you'll also include your Email address, I will notify you when your items are to be mailed. Thanks.
Shipping and Handling Charges on Multiple Book Orders
Below are the charges for all orders in the US. Email me for S&H charges on orders outside the US.
Full Size 8 1/2" x 11": S&H on the first book is $5. Subsequent full size books have a $3 S&H charge when ordered at the same time.
Paperback 5 1/2" x 8 1/2": S&H on the first book is $3 and $2 on subsequent paperbacks ordered at the same time.
If you order a full size book and a paperback, S&H is $2 on the paperback and $5 on the larger book.
Should you have any questions concerning S&H charges, don't hesitate to Email me. I'll figure it for you and let you know the correct amount. As always, should you overpay (as has happened), I will refund the overpayment with your order.
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STOP BLEEDING
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"EMP"
The Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP)
This is an essay I wrote about EMP. The sources may not be cited as well as they should, but some documentation was lost when converting to html.
Introduction
This essay will try to describe what the electromagnetic pulse is. It will then explore the types of bursts that produce different pulses, and the possible effects of the pulses will be examined. Next, the ways to guard against EMP will be examined. Finally, the policy issues concerning the vulnerability of the United States will be explored. To achieve these goals, three basic sources will be used to describe the technical aspects of the pulse. Once this has been completed, several journal and magazine sources will be used to consider the vulnerability and policy issues. This format will create a technically based essay. From this science base, several observations of vulnerability will be made to evaluate the United States?policy and strategy.
EMP Physics
In a nuclear detonation, gamma rays are produced. These gamma rays interact with the surrounding air molecules by the Compton effect to produce electrons. In this effect,
"...the gamma ray (primary) photon collides with an electron and some of the energy of the photon is transferred to the electron. Another (secondary) photon, with less energy, then moves off in a new direction at an angle to the direction of motion of the primary photon. Consequently, Compton interaction results in a change of direction (or scattering) of the gamma-ray photon and degradation in its energy. The electron which, after colliding with the primary photon, recoils in such a manner as to conserve energy and momentum is called a Compton (recoil) electron"(2)
These Compton-recoil electrons travel outward at a faster rate than the remaining heavier, positively charged ions. This separation of charges produces a strong electric field. The lower-energy electrons produced by collisions with the Compton electrons are attracted to the positive ions. These ions produce a conduction current. This current is directly related to the strength of the Compton effect. Also, this conduction current flows in a direction opposite to the electrical field produced by the Compton effect. Because of this, the conduction current limits the electrical field and stops it from increasing.(3-5)Varieties of EMP Explosions
The greatest effect on surface bursts is caused by the ground. Unlike in the air, the gamma rays cannot escape the blast in all directions. For this reason, near-surface bursts are also in this category. Although they may not be on the ground, they have similar effects. The ground absorbs many of the gamma rays. This produces an asymmetric field. The resulting field is very similar to that of a hemisphere that is radiating upward. The electrons also are able to return to the burst point through the ground. This makes the area near the center of the burst contain a high concentration of highly ionized particles. This net movement of electrons creates current loops that generate a magnetic field running around the burst point. This is the basic model of a near-surface burst.(7)
When the nuclear explosion occurs in the medium-altitude range, the effects of the ground are much. A medium-altitude range would be away from the ground but below the upper atmosphere. As the height of the burst increases, the asymmetry of the field produced decreases. However, the asymmetry increases, after a point, with altitude due to changes in the atmospheric density.
Since the ground is absent, the magnetic field produced in near-surface bursts will be absent. The electric fields will be similar to those of near-surface bursts.(9)
High-altitude electromagnetic pulses (HEMP) produced by high-altitude bursts occur in an area of the atmosphere where the density of the air is low. Because of this, the gamma rays can travel very far before they are absorbed. These rays travel downward into the increasingly dense atmosphere. Here, they interact with the air to form ions as previously described. This region, called the deposition or source region, is roughly circular. It is thick in the middle and thinner toward the edges. It extends horizontally very far creating source regions that are over 1000 miles in diameter.(10) The size of it depends on the height of the burst and the yield of the weapon. The EMP in this source region gets deflected downward towards the earth due to the earth’s magnetic field. Although the fields produced from a high-altitude burst are not as great as those for a near-surface burst, they affect a much larger area.(11) Because of this huge potential, high-altitude bursts could be the most dangerous type of EMP.
EMP Effects
With such a possible threat, it is important to consider what may be affected. "Because of the intense electromagnetic fields (about 10 kV/m) and wide area of coverage, the HEMP can induce large voltages and currents in power lines, communication cables, radio towers, and other long conductors serving a facility"(14). Some other notable collectors of EMP include railroad tracks, large antennas, pipes, cables, wires in buildings, and metal fencing. Although materials underground are partially shielded by the ground, they are still collectors, and these collectors deliver the EMP energy to some larger facility. This produces surges that can destroy the connected device, such as, power generators or long distance telephone systems. An EMP could destroy many services needed to survive a war.
"Society has entered the information age and is more dependent on electronic systems that work with components that are very susceptible to excessive electric currents and voltages."(15) Many systems needed are controlled by a semiconductor in some way. Failure of semi-conductive chips could destroy industrial processes, railway networks, power and phone systems, and access to water supplies. Semiconductor devices fail when they encounter an EMP because of the local heating that occurs. When a semi-conductive device absorbs the EMP energy, it displaces the resulting heat that is produced relatively slowly when compared to the time scale of the EMP. Because the heat is not dissipated quickly, the semiconductor can quickly heat up to temperatures near the melting point of the material. Soon the device will short and fail. This type of failure is call thermal second-breakdown failure.(16)
It is also important to realize how vulnerable the military is to EMP. "Military systems often use the most sophisticated and therefore most vulnerable, electronics available, and many of the systems that must operate during a nuclear war cannot tolerate the temporary disturbances that EMP may induce."(17) Furthermore, many military duties require information to be communicated over long distances. This type of communication requires external antennas, which are extremely susceptible to EMP. Also, some military duties require information-gathering techniques. Many of these techniques use electronic devices connected directly to antennas or radar. Although the devices may be inside shielded buildings, the antennas bring the EMP inside to the electronics. Therefore, the effectiveness of shielding must be examined.
EMP Hardening
To explain the first consideration, Makoff and Tsipis give the following simple example. If there was a communication plane with many antennas used to collect and transfer data, it would not be useful if its antennas were removed. However, to harden the plane, the antennas would need to be removed because they provide a direct path to the interior of the plane.(18) It is important to understand how the hardening will affect the performance of the hardened item.
The second consideration is very easy to understand. Some systems, although important, may not seem worthwhile enough to harden due to the high costs of shielding. "It may cost from 30% to 50% of the cost of a ground based communication center…just to refit it to withstand EMP," and, "as high as 10% of the cost for each plane."(19)
There are two basic ways to harden items against EMP effects.20 The first method is metallic shielding. The alternative is tailored hardening. Both methods will be briefly described.
Metallic shielding is used to, "Exclude energy propagated through fields in space."(21) Shields are made of a continuous piece of some metal such as steel or copper. A metal enclosure generally does not fully shield the interior because of the small holes that are likely to exist. Therefore, this type of shielding often contains additional elements to create the barrier. Commonly, only a fraction of a millimeter (22) of a metal is needed to supply adequate protection. This shield must completely surround the item to be shielded. A tight box must be formed to create the shield. The cost of such shielding (in1986 dollars) is $1000 per square meter for a welded-steel shield after installation.(23)
The alternative method, tailored hardening, is a more cost-effective way of hardening. In this method, only the most vulnerable elements and circuits are redesigned to be more rugged. The more rugged elements will be able to withstand much higher currents. However, a committee of the National Academy of Sciences is skeptical of this method due to unpredictable failures in testing.(24) Also, the use of this method is not recommended by the National Research Council. They doubted whether the approximations made to evaluate susceptibilities of the components were accurate. They did concede that tailored hardening may be useful to make existing systems less vulnerable.(25)
United States Policy
The first issue arises from the possible effects of the EMP. When deciding whether to launch missiles in a nuclear war, the United States must be aware of the EMP. A high-altitude burst or local-surface burst used on the United States could negate many of the United States advantages. Although many crucial systems are hardened, "Predicting the effects of EMP on givens systems…are riddled with uncertainty."(26) The first nuclear burst used on the United States might disable some or many key systems. The United States is using simulators to better estimate EMP effects, but even with good EMP hardening technology, many systems, particularly the older ones, may not get hardened. This is because, "The high cost of EMP hardening implies that only the most important systems will be made to withstand the pulse."(27) If some of these less important systems include some missile systems or other offensive systems, it may be worthwhile to use them before they are potentially destroyed.
Once the missiles have been launched, they may still be vulnerable to EMP effects. "Intercontinental missiles and their fire control centers depend heavily on sensitive electronic systems for guidance, radar, and communications as well as to control the functioning of their nuclear warheads."(28) The vulnerability of radar and communication has already been discussed, and because of this, the vulnerability of intercontinental missiles can be seen. Also, EMP from neighboring "friendly" warheads may destroy the warhead, as well. So, once the missile is fired, it is by no means safe from EMP.
Cost also has to be considered. With EMP hardening so expensive, the United States must decide what are reasonable losses due to EMP. These considerations have to include not just military losses. Many of the new military systems are having hardening technology built into them, but much of the civilian world is left unguarded. The single hydrogen bomb alluded to earlier could cause an EMP that would destroy, "In an instant tens of billions of dollars worth of communications equipment and other electronics. Almost all electric power will be knocked out."(29) With the United States?electronic and social base of today, this would be catastrophic. This amount of losses would probably be unacceptable. However, the United States must decide if it is worthwhile to shield all of its vulnerable systems. This scope of hardening would be incredibly expensive. However, after the war, society would need these systems to rebuild itself. With such a potential for destruction, it does not seem wise for the United States to continue development of EMP weapons.
Right now, "The electromagnetic pulse generator is emerging as one of the strongest contenders...to find effective weapons to defeat an enemy without causing loss of life."(30) The motive may be right, but the idea may be bad. It is nice to be searching for a weapon that reduces casualties, but such a weapon could be very destructive if used against the United States. Although the weapon is designed to be used by the United States, the possibility of it being used against the United States may not be as unlikely as it seems. With the extensive technology base of the United States, it seems extremely vulnerable to such a weapon.
Conclusions
If the United States is still preparing for war, it must shield itself from the effects of EMP. Theoretically, damage due to EMP could be extensive. Much of this damage may be avoidable if the United States takes measures to harden all its communication systems, power systems, and such. Also, the United States must further explore EMP effects to better prepare for them. This includes informing the United States public about the effects of EMP simulators. If current public opinion continues(31) and all the EMP simulators close, further EMP testing cannot be done. The public must understand that the EMP simulators are not harmful, and that the destruction of the American infrastructure would be devastating. This must be avoided at all costs, but without testing, America is vulnerable to this destruction. This is why the United States must be prepared for the effects of the EMP.
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